Paul Strand—— 伟大的作品出自艺术家内心的自我需要
保罗·斯特兰德（1890 年 10 月 16 日 - 1976 年 3 月 31 日）是美国摄影师和电影制片人，他与阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格利茨( AlfredStieglitz)和爱德华·韦斯顿( Edward Weston)等现代主义摄影师一起，帮助将摄影确立为 20 世纪的一种艺术形式。在1930 年代，他帮助创立了摄影联盟（ The Photo League.）。他跨越6 年的多元化作品涵盖了美洲、欧洲和非洲的众多流派和主题。
Paul Strand(October 16, 1890 – March 31, 1976) was an American photographer and film producer, he established an art style of the 20th century with Alfred Stieglitz, Edward Weston, and other modernist photographers. In the 1930s, he helped to found the Photo League. Over 6 years, his works covered many styles and themes of America, Europe, and Africa.
保罗·斯特兰德为什么要拍摄班尼特先生（Mr.Bennett）并又近乎完美地记录了他？
Why did Paul Strand photograph Mr.Bennett and almost perfectly recorded him?
Mr.Bennett
斯特兰德的作品特别重要，不仅是他的作品质量高，还因为他是一个反潮流的摄影师，主要原因可能是他对美国的奉献，如同他的老师阿尔弗雷德·斯蒂格利茨(Alfred Stieglitz)所做的那样深刻，并忠实地坚持到底。
Paul Strand’s works are especially important not just because they have high qualities, but also because he was out of fashion of other photographers. The main reason for this might be his devotion to America, just like how his teacher Alfred Stieglitz did it profoundly and persistently.
《新英格兰的时间》(Time In New England)包含了斯特兰德最好的作品，从中看出，对国家的奉献不仅是重要的，也是它如何能间接性的出现在艺术中。
“Time in New England” contains the best works of Strand, which shows that dedication to a country is not just important, also how it can be indirectly presented in art.
讲一下间接性，斯特兰德为《新英格兰的时间》拍摄大部分照片时，正处于战争中，或者刚刚从战争中恢复过来，而他是一个理想主义的人文主义者，他个人的目标与国家的目标很多是相同的。美国是一个地理环境优美、历史痕迹丰富、居住着个性鲜明的公民的地方，所以，选择描绘美国发源的地方作为主题比选择任何其他更合适。理解了斯特兰德的主题选择之后，探究艺术又是另外一回事情了。
Let’s talk about indirectness, most of the time when Strand was making his photos were during or right after the war, and since he was an idealist humanitarian, many of his personal goals corresponded with those of the nation. The United States is geographically beautiful, historically rich, and lived many distinct people, so there are no other topics better than portraying the land that give birth to the country. After learning the theme Strand chose, art is about another aspect.
Young man
是什么将《新英格兰的时间》与数以百计的日历和图画书区分开来呢?———这就是斯特兰德作品的新鲜度、深度和广度，他是怎么做到的，又是费了多大的劲才做到的呢?
What makes Time in New England different from hundreds of other calendars and picture books? These are the works’ freshness, profoundness, and broadness. How did he do it and how hard he worked for it?
斯特兰德的照片具有的特别性是出于他个人需求而创作的，自我内心的需求———艺术家必须找到的内心安宁。（许多指派的工作被完成得平庸就是由于缺乏一种内在的动力驱使自己做得完美)。
The photos of Strand are special because he created according to his personal need, a need from the bottom of the heart ---- artists must achieve a calm mind.(Many works are said to be mediocre because they lack a motivation to make the works perfect).
斯特兰德在创作《新英格兰的时间》时就是处在这种状态。与斯特兰德交谈过认识他的人说他很难相处——就像他的三次婚姻一样，他和大多数艺术家一样，受到内心和特殊负担的驱使。
Strand was exactly in this state when he was working on Time in New England. People who had talked with him said he was hard to be with ---- like his three marriages. He was similar to many other artists, Strand was under the urge of his heart.
Jeune Garcon
斯特兰德拍摄新英格兰照片的需求是私人的，但也是利他的。他一生都在支持美国对人类价值和尊严的重视，并在20世纪30年代和40年代早期从事电影制作人工作，试图解决美国在大萧条和第二次世界大战期间所经历的价值观危机。然而，他既没有参加农场安全管理局成功的纪录片摄影项目，也没有直接参与战争，他意识到了，他的电影不会持续吸引观众。所以，他需要做得更好。就像许多在20世纪二三十年代成长起来最好的专业摄影师一样——安塞尔·亚当斯Ansel Adams, 多萝西娅·兰格Dorothea Lange,、沃克·埃文斯Walker Evans。他似乎意识到美国正处于在放弃的内部死亡危险之中。性格、理想和令人沮丧的新闻故事结合在一起，促使他尽可能地拍摄出最好的照片，在这个地方，他个人的希望和这个国家的希望正好吻合。
The need to photograph New England was personal, but it was also altruistic. He supported emphasis on human value and dignity for his whole life. He worked as a film producer in the 1930s to the 1940s, trying to save America from the danger of losing values during the Great Depression and World War II. However, he did not participate in the documentary of the Farm Security Administration’s success nor was he directly involved in the war. He had noticed that his films would not attract any more audience, therefore, he must make them better. Like many other photographers who became mature in the 30s and the 40s, such as Ansel Adams, Dorothea Lange, Walker Evans, Strand sensed that the US was in the danger of dying from giving up. His temperament, ideals, and the sad news stories altogether promoted him to try his best in making the perfect photos. Here, his personal hope matched with that of the country’s.
如果《新英格兰的时间》的作品是斯特兰德对他的个人需求完成的，那么这种紧迫感是如何在图片中体现出来的呢? ——这个话题我们留待后续讨论。
If Time in New England was made based on Strand’s personal need, then how was this pressure revealed in the works? ---- We will leave this topic for later.
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